Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG): 46-51 MJ/kg, Hard black coal (IEA definition): 23.9 MJ/kg, and even the conditions of your home heating system. When we burn fossil fuels in power stations or in our homes, this energy is released as heat. Visit our updated, Heat & Corrosion Resistant Materials / Composites, Commercial Heat Treat Capabilities Directory, Practical Heat Treating: Basic Principles. It is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit. Hydrogen = 30% Therefore, 100 cubic feet (Ccf) of natural gas equals 103,700 Btu, or 1.037 therms. Definition of Lower Heating Value (LHV) Although FERC regulations use lower heating value to measure a unit's energy input from natural gas and oil, the regulations do not specify a formula for calculating lower heating value. Some popular units for comparing energy include British thermal units (Btu), barrels of oil equivalent, metric tons of oil equivalent, metric tons of coal equivalent, and terajoules. What is the Heating Value of Natural Gas? For solid fuels, the heating values in units of Btu/lb are converted from the heating values in units of Btu/ton. Mechanical Engineering Thermodynamics Lec 32, pt 3 of 3: Heating Values, Find the gross or higher heating value of the fuel, This is the amount of heat released when the water vapor in the combustion products is condensed to liquid form, Subtract the latent heat of vaporization of water from the gross heating value to find the net or lower heating value, This is the amount of heat released when there is no condensation of water vapor in the combustion products, Divide by 1000 to convert units from British thermal units per pound (Btu/lb) to kilocalories per gram (kcal/g). 1 MJ/m3 = 26.83 BTU/SCF (British thermal unit / cubic foot). Not just the maintenance of heating systems, but thermal insulation is also an important factor to have a better heating efficiency. o 1* \T Q USDEPARTMENTOFCOMMERCE NationalBureauofStandards block. Fuels are made up of different chemicals, and each fuel has a different chemical composition. The higher the heating value, the more heat that is released. Forms EIA uses to collect energy data including descriptions, links to survey instructions, and additional information. The British Thermal Unit, or BTU, is a unit of measurement for heat energy. These applications will - due to browser restrictions - send data between your browser and our server. The calorific value of a fuel is the amount of heat that is released when the fuel is burned. Energy use in homes, commercial buildings, manufacturing, and transportation. What is the heat value of natural gas? The lower heating value (LHV) or higher heating value (HHV) of a gas is an important consideration when selecting a gas engine or CHP plant. Natural gas is a fossil fuel that consists primarily of methane, with small amounts of other hydrocarbons such as ethane and propane. This website requires certain cookies to work and uses other cookies to The HHV is higher than the LHV because it takes into account the latent heat of vaporization of water. Please read AddThis Privacy for more information. Monthly and yearly energy forecasts, analysis of energy topics, financial analysis, congressional reports. data. However, more energy can be extracted from the mixture if this water is condensed. What is the Heat Value of 1 Cubic Meter of Natural Gas? How to Calculate Heating Value of Natural Gas | Openlab Chemstation Intelligent Reporting, Find the composition of the natural gas by percentage, The typical composition of natural gas is approximately 85% methane, 10% ethane, 3% propane and 2% butane, Look up the heating value for each component in British Thermal Units per standard cubic foot (Btu/scf), The heating values for methane, ethane, propane and butane are respectively 1,031 Btu/scf, 1,075 Btu/scf, 1,265 Btu/sf and 2,488 Btu/sf, Multiply each components percentage by its heating value to find the total heating value of the natural gas sample, For example: 85% x 1,031 = 876 + 10% x 1,075 = 108 + 3% x 1 ,265 = 38 + 2% x 2 , 488 = 100 Greenhouse gas data, voluntary reporting, electric power plant emissions. If there's a transition from ice to water, we're considering the latent heat of fusion, whereas for the phase change from a liquid into steam, it's the latent heat of vaporization. Common Units Common units for heating value: 1 Btu/lb = 2326.1 J/kg = 0.55556 kcal/kg 1 J/kg = 0.00043 Btu/lb = 2.39x10-4kcal/kg 1 kcal/kg = 1.80 Btu/lb = 4187 J/kg Crude oil, gasoline, heating oil, diesel, propane, and other liquids including biofuels and natural gas liquids. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. This video provides a guideline on How To Calculate Heating Value of Natural Gas with some commonly found compounds. By closing this message or continuing to use our site, you agree to the use of cookies. For most fuels, NHV will be about 2-5% lower than GHV. Sponsored Links Fuel gases gross and net heating values: 1 Btu/ft3= 8.9 kcal/m3= 3.73x104J/m3 Visit our updated, This website requires certain cookies to work and uses other cookies to help you have the best experience. A barrel is a unit of volume or weight that is different depending on who uses the term and what it contains. The heating value of natural gas is a measure of the amount of heat that is released when the gas is burned. Continue with Recommended Cookies, Use our online Natural Gas Calorific Value Calculator based on the ISO 6976 (2016) Natural gas Calculation of calorific values, density, relative density and Wobbe index from composition. LHV(MJ/kg) = -428 + 3528*C + 2240*H 6320*O [1] This site may use cookies. There are two types of heating values: the higher heating value (HHV) and the lower heating value (LHV). In thermodynamics, the term standard heat of combustion corresponds to Gross heating value. Raw pasta: A new way to enjoy your favorite food? The heat value of natural gas is the amount of heat released when the gas is burned. Estimate the heating cost in your state, for Oil, Natural Gas, Propane, and Electricity, using a Hot Air Furnace, Boiler (standard & condensing), Air Source Clarify math tasks You can find the answer to your question in just 3 seconds with our new search engine. Heating value is one of the key calculations in energy industry. The calculation is demonstrated using both Excel and Openlab Chemstation Intelligent Reporting. By closing this message or continuing to use our site, you agree to the use of cookies. Reserves, production, prices, employment and productivity, distribution, stocks, imports and exports. ``l Add standard and customized parametric components - like flange beams, lumbers, piping, stairs and more - to your Sketchup model with the Engineering ToolBox - SketchUp Extension - enabled for use with the amazing, fun and free SketchUp Make and SketchUp Pro .Add the Engineering ToolBox extension to your SketchUp from the SketchUp Pro Sketchup Extension Warehouse! (Note that many factors affect the amount of energy a household actually uses for heating, and fuel heat content may vary among locations and suppliers.). Result: The average price per million Btu for natural gas over the winter (20212022) is less than the price of heating oil per million Btu. As stated above, the heating value increases approximately 750 Btu for each carbon added beyond methane. 0 These gases contribute to climate change and air pollution. LHV = H (T1-T2) / 2 where When calculating the heating value of a fuel, the amount of heat released by combustion is divided by the total number of moles of oxygen required for combustion. Has additive manufacturing had any impact on your business? If you want to promote your products or services in the Engineering ToolBox - please use Google Adwords. Net BTU = (0.504 x 0.000125) x 91000 = 4530BTU/gal. The net heating value is an important factor in determining the efficiency of a boiler or furnace. BTU is often used as a point of reference for comparing . Then enter the value you want to convert and its units, and clickConvertto initiate the conversion. The calorific value is the total energy released as heat when a substance undergoes complete combustion with oxygen under standard conditions.The chemical reaction is typically a hydrocarbon or other . U.S. We don't collect information from our users. We don't collect information from our users. You can target the Engineering ToolBox by using AdWords Managed Placements. Heating value is a quantitative measure of heat content of a natural gas. Once you know the composition of your natural gas sample, you can use a calculator like this one to determine the heat value. 365 X .4105/.58 X $1.09 (the cost of natural gas on the Energy Label) = $282. To calculate either type of BTU, you need to know two things: 1) The specific gravity of the fuel, and 2) The heat content or energy value per gallon or pound (depending on whether youre measuring by volume or weight). 1203 0 obj <> endobj Biodiesel, renewable diesel, and other biofuels. The heat content of natural gas might be different in various countries. 1 short ton (2,000 pounds) of coal (consumed by the electric power sector) = 18,934,000 Btu. This gives you the molar heat of combustion, which is then multiplied by the molar mass of the fuel to give you the heating value. We would find that its specific gravity is 0.504 and its energy value per gallon is 91,000BTUs/gal . Is the heating value of natural gas decreasing? It was built, and is maintained, by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory with funding from the DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy's Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office. 2023 - Know How Community. Add standard and customized parametric components - like flange beams, lumbers, piping, stairs and more - to your Sketchup model with the Engineering ToolBox - SketchUp Extension - enabled for use with the amazing, fun and free SketchUp Make and SketchUp Pro .Add the Engineering ToolBox extension to your SketchUp from the SketchUp Pro Sketchup Extension Warehouse! This results in a lower number than HHV. Google use cookies for serving our ads and handling visitor statistics. Example: A natural gas water heater with an EF of .58 and a fuel cost of $0.00000109/therm. For net BTUs, multiply the specific gravity by 0.000125 and then multiply that number by the energy value per gallon or pound. The price is not set by the quantity of natural gas, but the quality and the heating value will determine how much an individual (or a country) will pay for this fuel. Accept All Rights Reserved. These values can be found in tables provided by most manufacturers. The heating value of a fuel is the amount of heat released during its combustion. Does EIA publish energy consumption and price data for cities, counties, or by zip code? . Sales, revenue and prices, power plants, fuel use, stocks, generation, trade, demand & emissions. The ideal gas mixture model used here cannot calculate this contribution directly. The heating value of a gas can be estimated from the composition of the gas and heating values associated with each component of the gas. [6] Coal characteristics assumed by GREET for electric power production. Choose whether you want to convert to heating value or to mass/volume, and then choose the fuel type. The heating value of a fuel is the heat of combustion (i.e., heat released during combustion) at the reference temperature, T ref = 25C, assuming complete combustion. By visiting this website, certain cookies have already been set, which you may delete and block. T1 = Temperature of water before heating (C). Moisture reduces the heating value because it takes up space in the molecule that could otherwise be used for combustible material. For example, even tap water is colder in winter, so it takes more time to boil it. there can be significant differences in heating value of natural gas based on geography, pipeline characteristics, time of year vitually all sales of natural gas both wholesale and . The given values are for fuels with the given density. Do take into account the temperature at which the calorific values are referenced as well.00:00 Introduction00:47 Part 1: How to calculate Heating Value with Excel08:15 Part 2: How to calculate Heating Value with Openlab Chemstation Intelligent ReportingCopy the following VBA code to Intelligent Report Layout for Importing Superior heating Value, Inferior heating Value and Molar Mass to Openlab Chemstation. If you want read more standardized definition of the two above terminology Net calorific Value and Gross Calorific Value you can check the iso standards 6976. Therefore: Natural gas is a fossil fuel that is formed when layers of buried plants and animals are exposed to intense heat and pressure over millions of years. However, the scale is not that wide: natural gas producers must meet a lot of quality criteria and parameters before exporting their product. Design, CMS, Hosting & Web Development :: ePublishing. The Btu content of each fuel provided below (except for crude oil) is the average heat content for fuels consumed in the United States. &1u1D In such an experiment, a stoichiometric mixture of the gas and oxygen is filled in the bomb calorimeter and then allowed to go through complete combustion. It also contains hydrogen sulfide and helium in a very little amount. For just one phase, you'll have a single number, but otherwise, there's going to . Because energy used in different countries comes from different places, Btu content of fuels varies slightly from country to country. %%EOF AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. The higher heating value (HHV) of a fuel is the amount of heat released by combustion when the products are returned to their standard states, in contrast to the lower heating value (LHV) or net heating value (NHV), which ignores reheating of the water vapor produced by combustion. 19v:H By visiting to calculate the btu at one of the base conditions below, multiply by factor desired base factor 14.735-60-dry 1.o177 14.73-60-saturated 0.9996 All Rights Reserved BNP Media. 1Data source: Monthly Energy Review, May 2022, U.S. Energy Information Administration, 1000 Independence Ave., SW, Washington, DC 20585, Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS). The average gross heating value of natural gas is approximately 1,020 British thermal units per standard cubic foot (Btu/scf), usually varying from 950 to 1,050 Btu/scf. The heating value of natural gas is the amount of heat released when the gas is burned. The heat value of natural gas varies depending on the source, but is typically between 35 and 50 MJ/m. If you do not agree to the use of cookies, you should not navigate LHV = 50.025 MJ/kg The LHV is calculated assuming that water remains in the gas phase. Energy & Financial Markets: What Drives Crude Oil Prices? The. N&a Volumetric Heating Values are based on standard temperatures and pressure of dry gas - 60. Comprehensive data summaries, comparisons, analysis, and projections integrated across all energy sources. Choose whether you want to convert to heating value or to mass/volume, and then choose the fuel type. 1228 0 obj <>stream Engineering ToolBox - Resources, Tools and Basic Information for Engineering and Design of Technical Applications! Also the solid fuels will have a similar quality variation for the different classes of fuel. It is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of liquid water by 1 degree Fahrenheit at the temperature that water has its greatest density (approximately 39 degrees Fahrenheit). Tools to customize searches, view specific data sets, study detailed documentation, and access time-series data. One thousand cubic feet (Mcf) of natural gas equals 1.037 MMBtu, or 10.37 therms. KUZ TS For example, suppose we have a fuel with the following composition: The gross heating value (GHV) is the amount of heat released by a fuel when it burns. By visiting this website, certain cookies have already been set, which you may delete and block. Net BTUs take into account the fact that some of the heat from burning fuel is used to vaporize water in the fuel itself (for example, in gasoline). See Heat of combustion for examples of calculation of gross heating values from standard heat of formation of substances. Most people are familiar with the term BTU, but fewer know how to calculate the heating value of fuel. 1.4.2 Firing Practices3-5 There are three major types of boilers used for natural gas combustion in commercial, industrial, and utility applications . EIA's free and open data available as API, Excel add-in, bulk files, and widgets. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. Exploration and reserves, storage, imports and exports, production, prices, sales. The gross BTU figure represents the total heat released from burning a given type of fuel including any latent (hidden) heat due to vaporization. Fuel Gases - Heating Values Combustion heat values for gases like acetylene, blast furnace gas, ethane, biogas and more - Gross and Net values. This value is the higher heating value (HHV). the standard to natural gas and oil. Heating value is the number of British Thermal Units (BTUs) in one cubic foot of natural gas. This can be expressed in British thermal units (BTUs) or in calories. help you have the best experience while on the site. The heating values in units of MJ/kg, are converted from the heating values in units of Btu/lb. When liquid water is the product, it is called the higher (or gross) heating value (HHV). all the combustion products remain in gaseous state including the water vapor produced during the combustion is condensed. This calculator is designed to calculate the following for natural gas and other combustible gases : Gross Calorific Value Net Calorific Value Molar Mass Molar Volume Definition of Gross Calorific Value The Gross Calorific Value is called also: Higher Calorific Value HCV, Gross Calorific Value - GCV, Higher Heating Value HHV. A tool called chromatograph is measuring the quality of the natural gas and is able to determine the exported fossil fuels components, therefore its heating value will also be known. The most common fuels are fossil fuels, such as coal, oil and natural gas. This high energy content coupled with its clean burning nature makes natural gas an attractive choice as a boiler or furnace fuel. hv = qp + qs qw Therefore, natural gas is an extremely flammable gas, which is odourless and colourless too. Some of our calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer. Welcome to the Hydrogen Analysis Resource Center. Ash also reduces the heating value because it does not contribute to combustion and actually absorbs some heat during combustion. AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. Please read Google Privacy & Terms for more information about how you can control adserving and the information collected. Natural gas is mostly methane (CH4), but it also contains small amounts of other gases like ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), butane (C4H10), and pentanes (C5H12). calculate and use these natural gas properties is crucial to reservoir, production, and natural gas process engineering. The higher the Heating Value, the more heat that can be released from a given quantity of natural gas. [5] For solid fuels, the heating values in units of Btu/lb are converted from the heating values in units of Btu/ton. You and your neighbor want to compare the price of the Lesson plans, science fair experiments, field trips, teacher guide, and career corner. As explained by FERC qs = Heat of combustion at constant volume (kJ/kg). Doing the math give us these results: Heating value is one of the key calculations in energy industry. There are two types of BTUs net and gross. @7HyJ=E"a;C,5zJb]TkGE}t7~woo~sn|o~}yw>{{?|/_?}!as/7_}rUw_n|5M?K[;~C=~'qn!nz_{}{?zqv6QquqCs{o_yqU?Ly~/iQ/vo{}r^'7ooiO0x?z}?_o^%?~&/d:}AHirZ?lgg;SJIzhm~hvAh p[?cw8uS>eDcao FgJ i|.P5a51:B[U}[Bw!7;rAUD#hfEa%1M>13f6~U:H![#yN"sHjnlwIL} y; :kz-$&MjXEOU[}!"mn_pnw~?A{Jwj~I,nA;4MIC"F;[k`x7oA+Wok2O$p1R.^3Xs,Elf',^_o>eZs}p;"NZ(mTiZoQ9MwYo&_JaF[tNu-\E{mhIt PhY}4hNg3p(avN6RbPe /2GAga The heating values for gaseous fuels in units of Btu/lb are calculated based on the heating values in units of Btu/scf and the corresponding fuel density values. The variation in quality may give heating values within a range 5 -10% higher and lower than the given value. When it comes to understanding your energy consumption, the first step is knowing how to calculate heating value of natural gas. Visit our privacy In order to calculate the heating value of fuel, you need to know the percentage of each element in the fuel by mass. All Rights Reserved. Includes hydropower, solar, wind, geothermal, biomass and ethanol. Maps by energy source and topic, includes forecast maps. The Net Calorific Value is called also: heating value LHV, Net Calorific ValueNCV orlower calorific valueLCV. The Heating Value also affects the price of natural gas. Short, timely articles with graphics on energy, facts, issues, and trends. When water vapor is the product, it is called the lower (or net) heating value (LHV). This website requires certain cookies to work and uses other cookies to help you have the best experience. Natural gas mostly contains methane (91.3%), ethane (5%), propane (1.8%), butane (1%), nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Reports requested by congress or otherwise deemed important. While Excel requires manual data entry of the sample composition, Openlab Chemstation Intelligent Report can automate the calculation of Heating value in just a few clicks.The calorific values come in different terms, such as superior or inferior, and different units of measurement so one should not be confused when referencing the heating value of each individual compound. %PDF-1.5 % HHV = LHV + [water vapor] x 2,257 kJ/kg Oxygen = 20% endstream endobj startxref The LHV, or lower heating value, takes into account the fact that some of the heat from combustion is used to vaporize water in the fuel. !(b2fc5jQ(&+ NPYY4Wn[jWt*575,~$s]chB=+]u2k^|6GQ'"ozN;pFa^sZ)6PHnTIj|P+gqAWl74$ &7}QUesvjvV,J^cri-kIh,Ic4j-4~~QZd #8W:=@CkCtU>7"}2SOft[_mtE";QN5sjR7g<8. 1 cubic foot of natural gas = 1,039 Btu. Generally speaking, natural gas is composed of the following components which are typical but can vary greatly: Ethane 5% Nitrogen 2.5% Carbon Dioxide 1% Propane 1% Isobutane 0.3% n-Butane 0.3% Neopentane 0.1% {OZN%}k:_M9d>Ij5..N}'8J*GII/?M'/:=-}\^%=} uf+}sBC]:QxwErX=Mh?5Gw>Vp+`}y}@i&-m7wvltY`Wol#5{{,eFWX.+8t2VpP/}ap^O^xW,X1;`8Emau`Hk6@6Q%-9tz! The LHV can be calculated using the following formula: These materials have been formed over millions of years from the remains of plants and animals, and they contain a lot of energy. hk7J~,{wak3HjV. Subscribe our newsletter to stay updated. For most practical purposes, however, either value can be used to compare different fuels. Btu content of common energy units (preliminary estimates for 20211). Only emails and answers are saved in our archive. :M]on7qE How to Calculate Bundle Price Best 4 Ways to calculate, Build Your Spiritual Growth Through a Relationship with God, Calculating Crit Values for Genshin Impact Characters, How to Find Amazon Price Glitches Easy 7 Steps to Go, How to Calculate Price and Quantity Impact 4 Best Methods, Waterford Crystal Nativity Set: How to Make a Unique. Gasoline conversion calculator gallons Btu megajoules liters 1 gallon = 120,238 Btu ( based on U.S. finished motor gasoline [includes fuel ethanol content] consumption at 5.05 million Btu per barrel in 2021; preliminary) Diesel fuel and heating oil conversion calculator gallons Btu megajoules liters where: L L L is the latent heat. Raw pasta: A new way to enjoy your favorite food? ft.). Financial market analysis and financial data for major energy companies. The higher the calorific value, the more heat that is released. Learn more or accept all cookies. B\gG?x|/JG;sGXTwH P@\f%>1f}dT*!BlzF}A^(H?c|~O{=Ysl`t, .^/owLG_5;VxE:)|V( yD>OS0x/I2'YTr(/ hncPUFUe1 To calculate gross BTUs, simply multiply together the specific gravity and energy value figures without performing any further calculations.. ISO 6976 (1995) Natural gas - Calculation of calorific values, density, relative density and Wobbe index from composition If you already know the HHV and composition of your fuel I would apply the following: LHV = HHV - Lv_H2O (H2O_content_w + 9*H_content_w) [MJ/kg] where Lv_H2O = 2.441 MJ/kg 9 is the amount of water. The heat value of natural gas depends on how effective the thermal energy coming from the natural gas is. Once you have these numbers, calculating BTUs is relatively simple: The higher the heating value, the more energy that is available for use. The British Thermal Unit, or BTU, is an energy unit. Methane is the main component of natural gas, and it has a high heating value about 50 MJ/kg. The more carbon a fuel has, the more heat it will release when combusted. the amount of heat produced by combustion a unit quantity of a fuel, all products of the combustion are cooled down to the temperature before the combustion, the water vapor formed during combustion is condensed, subtracting the latent heat of vaporization of the water vapor formed by the combustion. The BTU is a measure of energy, and one BTU is equal to about 1,055 joules. [4] The heating values in units of MJ/kg, are converted from the heating values in units of Btu/lb. While there may be alternative definitions of, or formulas for calculating, LHV, EPA maintains For example, if youre calculating HHV for natural gas with an LHV of 39 MJ/kg and 5% water content, you would get: The Lower Heating Value (LHV) is the amount of heat released by a unit of fuel when it is burned at a constant pressure and temperature. 2 It applies to all common types of utility gaseous fuels, for example, dry natural gas, reformed gas, oil gas (both high and low Btu), propane-air, carbureted water gas, coke . The average gross heating value of natural gas is approximately 1,020 British thermal units per standard cubic foot (Btu/scf), usually varying from 950 to 1,050 Btu/scf. Price of 1 m3 natural gas = volume (m3) x heat value (MJ/m3) x price (Currency/MJ) x VAT. You need to know or convert the unit cost of electricity by kilowatt-hour (kWh). For octane, the number of added carbon atoms beyond methane is 8 - 1 . This is a useful quantity, commonly used to represent the energy density of a fuel, or the thermal energy that can be obtained from a fuel. 2. Our Heating Cost Calculator uses THERMS to estimate the cost of heating with natural gas. ---------------------------------------------------------------Public Function parameter_link() as string parameter_link = \"C:\\Users\\dell\\Desktop\\Calorific Values.txt\"End functionPublic Function getparameter(compound_name as string) as object Dim comp_name(11) as string ' Numbers of compounds comp_name(0) = \"Hexane\" comp_name(1) = \"Carbon dioxide\" comp_name(2) = \"i-Butane\" comp_name(3) = \"n-Butane\" comp_name(4) = \"i-Pentane\" comp_name(5) = \"n-Pentane\" comp_name(6) = \"Ethane\" comp_name(7) = \"Propane\" comp_name(8) = \"Oxygen\" comp_name(9) = \"Nitrogen\" comp_name(10) = \"Methane\" Dim i as integer For i = 1 to 11 ' Numbers of compounds Select case compound_name Case is = comp_name(i-1) getparameter = System.IO.File.ReadAllLines(parameter_link())(i) End select Next iEnd functionFunction CV_Superior(compound_name as string) as single CV_Superior = val(choose(2, split(getparameter(compound_name), \";\")))End functionFunction CV_Inferior(compound_name as string) as single CV_Inferior = val(choose(3, split(getparameter(compound_name), \";\")))End functionFunction MW(compound_name as string) as single MW = val(choose(4, split(getparameter(compound_name), \";\")))End function ----------------------------------------------------------------------------Learn more about Openlab Chemstation Intelligent Reporting herehttps://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLaYUUU64uRTm3O4AWpG1m7nvyMXqeuyQbUseful skills in GC Troubleshooting Serieshttps://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLaYUUU64uRTm3O4AWpG1m7nvyMXqeuyQbTips and Tricks for GC Operationhttps://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLaYUUU64uRTlMPElafU9KA08ciJ8qZQDj ----------------------------------------------------------------------------Subscribe to my channel to get the full access to my 8+ years of GC experiencehttps://bit.ly/3321KiEReach me at triplettt1719@gmail.com for private consultation ----------------------------------------------------------------------------Gears and Tools using:Openlab Chemstation version: C.01.10TubeBuddy for Keyword searching and SEOhttps://www.tubebuddy.com/learningbydoingwithpetertranBandicam and Bandicut for screen recorder and video edittinghttps://www.bandicam.com/QuietComfort 35 wireless headphones II (Bose) as Microphonehttps://amzn.to/2GirEaV
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