Not surprisingly, insomnia treatment may take one of several different approaches. Aside from their utility as analgesic drugs, opioid-like compounds are often found in cough suppressants, anti-nausea, and anti-diarrhea medications. Therefore, it is important to make a distinction between hypnosis as an empirically based therapeutic approach versus as a form of entertainment. One way that this happens involves traveling across multiple time zones. For instance, the concentration of various ions in your blood must be kept steady, along with pH and the concentration of glucose. A hypnogram is a diagram of the stages of sleep as they occur during a period of sleep. Homeostasisis the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system. Avoid alcohol, cigarettes, caffeine, and heavy meals before bed. (b) People practicing meditation may experience an alternate state of consciousness. (West et al., 2009, p. 114). Think meditation might help? It is relatively easy to wake someone from stage 1 sleep; in fact, people often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage 1 sleep. Drug use disorders are addictive disorders, and the criteria for specific substance (drug) use disorders are described in DSM-5. Because the biological clock is driven by light, exposure to bright light during working shifts and dark exposure when not working can help combat insomnia and symptoms of anxiety and depression (Huang, Tsai, Chen, & Hsu, 2013). It is often prescribed for minor pain, and it is available over-the-counter in some other countries. Sleep reboundrefers to the fact that a sleep-deprived individual will fall asleep more quickly during subsequent opportunities for sleep. Sore throat. Reduced urine. The fifth edition of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition(DSM-5) is used by clinicians to diagnose individuals suffering from various psychological disorders. Vaping uses battery-powered devices, sometimes called e-cigarettes, that deliver liquid nicotine and flavorings as a vapor. Try going to bed and waking up at the same time every day to keep your biological clock in sync so your body gets in the habit of sleeping every night. Dopamine activity is often associated with reward and craving; therefore, drugs that affect dopamine neurotransmission often have abuse liability. Not able to pass stool or gas. c. These episodes can last 1020 seconds or longer and often are associated with brief periods of arousal. The participant is encouraged to use his or her imagination. Methadone clinicshelp people who previously struggled with opioid addiction manage withdrawal symptoms through the use of methadone. Like hypnosis, meditation also shows promise in stress management, sleep quality (Caldwell, Harrison, Adams, Quin, & Greeson, 2010), treatment of mood and anxiety disorders (Chen et al., 2013; Freeman et al., 2010; Vllestad, Nielsen, & Nielsen, 2012), and pain management (Reiner, Tibi, & Lipsitz, 2013). The typical episode can last from a minute or two to half an hour. Fever. People who suffer from this disorder can injure themselves or their sleeping partners when engaging in these behaviors. 23. Just as bears hibernate in the winter when resources are scarce, perhaps people sleep at night to reduce their energy expenditures. Primary signs and symptoms of Ebola often include some or several of the following: Fever. The tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment is called homeostasis. Sleep debt and sleep deprivation have significant negative psychological and physiological consequencesFigure 4.5. This treatment option has proven to be effective for people suffering from mild to severe cases of sleep apnea (McDaid et al., 2009). The chapter will close with discussions of altered states of consciousness produced by psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, and meditation. Sleepwalking, restless leg syndrome, and night terrors are all examples of parasomnias (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). This section will consider these questions and explore various explanations for why we sleep. Hypnosis has also been used to draw out information believed to be buried deeply in someones memory. Watch this, Sleep, which we all experience, is a quiet and mysterious pause in our daily lives. The woman used caffeine in the past to boost her mood and to provide energy, but over the course of several years, she increased her caffeine consumption to the point that she was consuming three liters of soda each day. Depletion of certain neurotransmitters can lead to mood dysphoria, cognitive problems, and other factors. c. absence of subjective symptoms of disease. As you will learn when you study social roles, peoples behavior can be shaped by their expectations of how they should act in a given situation. As mentioned earlier, one of the criteria for insomnia involves experiencing these symptoms for at least three nights a week for at least one months time (Roth, 2007). Methamphetamine in its smokable form, often called crystal meth due to its resemblance to rock crystal formations, is highly addictive. These synthetic drugs are so potent that even small doses can cause overdose and death. Night terrors apparently occur during the NREM phase of sleep (Provini, Tinuper, Bisulli, & Lagaresi, 2011). Marijuana may also have some promise in the treatment of a variety of medical conditions (Mather, Rauwendaal, Moxham-Hall, & Wodak, 2013; Robson, 2014; Schicho & Storr, 2014). Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. This campaign is sponsored in part by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Low doses increase relaxation, decrease inhibitions. The crisis actually began in the 1990s, when pharmaceutical companies began mass-marketing pain-relieving opioid drugs like OxyContin with the promise (now known to be false) that they were non-addictive. Homeostatic regulation of sleep is evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation. There may also be differences in both brain structure and function in infants that die from SIDS (Berkowitz, 2012; Mage & Donner, 2006; Thach, 2005). Popular portrayals of hypnosis have led to some widely-held misconceptions. Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90 . Methadoneis a synthetic opioid that is less euphorigenic than heroin and similar drugs. a - a mole that looks cancerous. Historically, heroin has been a major opioid drug of abuse (Figure 4.17). Loss of appetite. Sleep is not a uniform state of being. You were capable of engaging in the all of the complex tasks involved with operating a motor vehicle even though you were not aware of doing so. While "internal state" or impulsivity are terms more generally discussed in psychology or neuroscience, the concept is familiar to anyone. Generally, treatment for night terrors is unnecessary unless there is some underlying medical or psychological condition that is contributing to the night terrors (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). The internal state of an object is the set of all its attributes' values. Although she did not experience any dream-like hallucinations, she was diagnosed with narcolepsy as a result of sleep testing. One or two nights of sleep difficulty is not unusual, but if you experience anything more than that, you should seek a doctors advice. During sleep, the pituitary gland secretes both FSH and LH which are important in regulating the reproductive system (Christensen et al., 2012; Sofikitis et al., 2008). It is much more difficult to awaken someone from sleep during stage 3 than during earlier stages. For individuals who are especially open to the power of suggestion, hypnosis can prove to be a very effective technique, and brain imaging studies have demonstrated that hypnotic states are associated with global changes in brain functioning (Del Casale et al., 2012; Guldenmund, Vanhaudenhuyse, Boly, Laureys, & Soddu, 2012). Users often consume the drug every few hours across days-long binges called runs, in which the user forgoes food and sleep. This discomfort is relieved by deliberately moving the legs, which, not surprisingly, contributes to difficulty in falling or staying asleep. Evolutionary psychologyis a discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result ofnatural selection. Manifest contentis the actual content, or storyline, of a dream. For one, research suggests that infants should be placed on their backs when put down to sleep, and their cribs should not contain any items which pose suffocation threats, such as blankets, pillows or padded crib bumpers (cushions that cover the bars of a crib). It appeared that Scott Falater had killed his wife in his sleep, or at least, that is the defense he used when he was tried for his wifes murder (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). By the end of this section, you will be able to: Consciousnessdescribes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. However, for some, its not because of all-night partying or late-night study sessions. Increased alertness, mild euphoria, decreased appetite in low doses. In fact, abuse of prescription opioid medications is becoming a major concern worldwide (Aquina, Marques-Baptista, Bridgeman, & Merlin, 2009; Casati, Sedefov, & Pfeiffer-Gerschel, 2012). These changes in brain wave activity can be visualized using EEG and are distinguished from one another by both the frequency and amplitude of brain waves (Figure 4.7). In recent years, methamphetamine (meth) use has become increasingly widespread. Thepineal gland, an endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin, is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and of the immune system during sleep (Hardeland, Pandi-Perumal, & Cardinali, 2006). They can be helpful for people working night shifts or for people affected by seasonal variations in light. When he told me, I made him go see the college therapist. Keep your bedroom temperature between 60 and 67 degrees. Alan Hobson, a neuroscientist, is credited for developing activation-synthesis theory of dreaming. EVERYDAY CONNECTION: Solutions to Support Healthy Sleep, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). These drugs share in common their ability to serve as agonists of the gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system. . Variations and adaptations in cognition and behavior make individuals more or less successful in reproducing and passing their genes to their offspring. However, all of their somnambulistic patients who also suffered from sleep-related breathing problems showed a marked decrease in sleepwalking when their breathing problems were effectively treated. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? As the dose increases, people report feeling sedated. For example, around one third of individuals diagnosed with narcolepsy experience vivid, dream-like hallucinations during narcoleptic attacks (Chokroverty, 2010). Pain relief, euphoria, sleepiness. By analyzing dreams, Freud thought people could increase self-awareness and gain valuable insight to help them deal with the problems they faced in their lives. Acetylcholine functions as a neurotransmitter in motor neurons. Some circadian rhythms play a role in changes in our state of consciousness. 22. If you get peritoneal dialysis, peritonitis symptoms also may include: Cloudy dialysis fluid. The brain waves associated with this stage of sleep are very similar to those observed when a person is awake, as shown inFigure 4.11, and this is the period of sleep in which dreaming occurs. While we all experience altered states of consciousness in the form of sleep on a regular basis, some people use drugs and other substances that result in altered states of consciousness as well. Many college students struggle getting the recommended 79 hours of sleep each night. Causes. The participant is told to be open to the process of hypnosis, trust the hypnotist and let go. The participant is guided to focus on one thing, such as the hypnotists words or a ticking watch. (2005) found that sleepwalking was not alleviated with the use of benzodiazepines. Surprisingly, sleep apnea may exacerbate cardiovascular disease (Snchez-de-la-Torre, Campos-Rodriguez, & Barb, 2012). Narcoleptic episodes take on other features of REM sleep. These include daydreaming, intoxication, and unconsciousness due to anesthesia. Jet lag is a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. In fact, it has been suggested that there is no reason to think that energetic demands could not be addressed with periods of rest and inactivity (Frank, 2006; Rial et al., 2007), and some research has actually found a negative correlation between energetic demands and the amount of time spent sleeping (Capellini, Barton, McNamara, Preston, & Nunn, 2008). Disorganized Thinking. Alcohol, barbiturates (e.g., secobarbital, pentobarbital), Benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax). In addition to withdrawal, many individuals who are diagnosed with substance use disorders will also develop tolerance to these substances. In contrast,non-REM (NREM)sleep is subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves. Indeed, we know sleep deprivation results in disruptions in cognition and memory deficits (Brown, 2012), leading to impairments in our abilities to maintain attention, make decisions, and recall long-term memories. High doses increase agitation, paranoia, can cause hallucinations. For example, Hobson (2009) suggests that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness. While we certainly welcome the convenience of having the darkness lit up, we also suffer the consequences of reduced amounts of sleep because we are more active during the nighttime hours than our ancestors were. For instance, have you ever daydreamed while driving home from work or school without really thinking about the drive itself? C) the severity and duration of the problem. Some animals never sleep (e.g., some fish and amphibian species); other animals sleep very little without apparent negative consequences (e.g., giraffes); yet some animals (e.g., rats) die after two weeks of sleep deprivation (Siegel, 2008). The freebase version of cocaine, known as crack, is a potent, smokable version of the drug. This is illustrated by McCartys (2010) case study of a 50-year-old woman who sought help for the excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours that she had experienced for several years. These effects can occur as a function of accumulated sleep debt or in response to more acute periods of sleep deprivation. If people are deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep without disturbance, they will spend more time in REM sleep in what would appear to be an effort to recoup the lost time in REM. These will soon, in all ordinary cases, subdue the most distressing symptoms, and effect a perfect cure in a day or two. While cognitive deficits may be the most obvious, many body systems are negatively impacted by lack of sleep. Often, we are not completely aware of our surroundings, even when we are fully awake. Generally, and for most people, our circadian cycles are aligned with the outside world. Unfortunately, this is not the case; however, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the function of sleep. These kinds of schedules are common for individuals working in health care professions and service industries, and they are associated with persistent feelings of exhaustion and agitation that can make someone more prone to making mistakes on the job (Gold et al., 1992; Presser, 1995). People who suffer from insomnia might limit their use of stimulant drugs (such as caffeine) or increase their amount of physical exercise during the day. Guilleminault et al. Individuals who do rotating shift work are also likely to experience disruptions in circadian cycles. To prevent withdrawal, many people turned to cheaper heroin, which could be bought for $5 a dose or less. In addition, these drugs can cause feelings of anxiety, hallucinations, and paranoia (Fiorentini et al., 2011). Many individuals diagnosed with sleep apnea first seek treatment because their sleeping partners indicate that they snore loudly and/or stop breathing for extended periods of time while sleeping (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013). As a result, many scientists have urged the federal government to allow for relaxation of current marijuana laws and classifications in order to facilitate a more widespread study of the drugs effects (Aggarwal et al., 2009; Bostwick, 2012; Kogan & Mechoulam, 2007). The axons of light-sensitive neurons in the retina provide information to the SCN based on the amount of light present, allowing this internal clock to be synchronized with the outside world (Klein, Moore, & Reppert, 1991; Welsh, Takahashi, & Kay, 2010) (Figure 4.3). Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness. If we have biological rhythms, then is there some sort ofbiological clock? Obstructive sleep apneaoccurs when an individuals airway becomes blocked during sleep, and air is prevented from entering the lungs. In general, smoking cessation programs may be effective in the short term, but it is unclear whether these effects persist (Cropley, Theadom, Pravettoni, & Webb, 2008; Levitt, Shaw, Wong, & Kaczorowski, 2007; Smedslund, Fisher, Boles, & Lichtenstein, 2004). There is quite a bit of controversy within the scientific community as to the extent to which marijuana might have medicinal benefits due to a lack of large-scale, controlled research (Bostwick, 2012). (credit: modification of work by Mikael Hggstrm). After dinner, he prepared some materials to use in leading a church youth group the following morning, and then he attempted to repair the familys swimming pool pump before retiring to bed. Perhaps our ancestors spent extended periods of time asleep to reduce attention to themselves from potential predators. During this time, there is a slowdown in both the rates of respiration and heartbeat. There are individual differences in regard to our sleep-wake cycle. Our states of consciousness change as we move from wakefulness to sleep. While individuals suffering from sleep apnea may not be aware of these repeated disruptions in sleep, they do experience increased levels of fatigue. How does hypnosis work? While amphetamines are often abused, they are also commonly prescribed to children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Depending on the population and sleep disorder being studied, between 30% and 50% of the population suffers from a sleep disorder at some point in their lives (Bixler, Kales, Soldatos, Kaels, & Healey, 1979; Hossain & Shapiro, 2002; Ohayon, 1997, 2002; Ohayon & Roth, 2002). Hypnosis in conjunction with other techniques is used for a variety of therapeutic purposes and has shown to be at least somewhat effective for pain management, treatment of depression and anxiety, smoking cessation, and weight loss (Alladin, 2012; Elkins, Johnson, & Fisher, 2012; Golden, 2012; Montgomery, Schnur, & Kravits, 2012). For instance, some people would say they are morning people, while others would consider themselves to be night owls. In Falaters case, a jury found him guilty of first degree murder in June of 1999 (CNN, 1999); however, there are other murder cases where the sleepwalking defense has been used successfully. Abnormal Motor Behavior. Homeostasis refers to the body's need to reach and maintain a certain state of equilibrium. . In contrast, a person who haspsychological dependencehas an emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress.
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