It covered the following five areas: Doctrine (ideology) Ecclesiastical or Structural Reconfiguration. The Catholic Reformation was the movement within the Catholic Church to renew the doctrinal, spiritual, moral . The various groups had their own juridical systems. A separate Protestant community, of the Lutheran faith, existed in the newly conquered province of Alsace, its status not affected by the Edict of Fontainebleau. Its development was stopped by the Counter-Reformation, the Inquisition and also popular disinterest. Czech), having lay people receive communion in both kinds (bread and winethat is, in Latin, communio sub utraque specie), married priests, and eliminating indulgences and the concept of purgatory. French Protestantism, though its appeal increased under persecution, came to acquire a distinctly political character, made all the more obvious by the conversions of nobles during the 1550s. During the Reformation era Protestantism was unsuccessful in Portugal, as its spread was frustrated for similar reasons to those in Spain. This Catholic reform movement is called the Counter-Reformation. https://www.britannica.com/summary/Reformation-Causes-and-Effects. Protestant literature was produced at greater levels in cities where media markets were more competitive, making these cities more likely to adopt Protestantism. [18] Pope Alexander VI (14921503) was one of the most controversial of the Renaissance popes. Which list states events from the English Reformation in the correct order? [95] The following outcomes of the Reformation regarding human capital formation, the Protestant ethic, economic development, governance, and "dark" outcomes have been identified by scholars:[39], Margaret C. Jacob argues that there has been a dramatic shift in the historiography of the Reformation. The success of the Counter-Reformation on the Continent and the growth of a Puritan party dedicated to further Protestant reform polarised the Elizabethan Age, although it was not until the 1640s that England underwent religious strife comparable to what its neighbours had suffered some generations before. Two main tenets of the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War, were: The treaty also effectively ended the Papacy's pan-European political power. Given sentence below refers to a numbered sentence in the passage. Divergent work attitudes of Protestant and Catholics. The Counter-Reformation was a religious and political movement that. B. worked to spread the ideas and teachings of Martin Luther across Europe. Numerous colleges and universities were set up throughout the country: the Jesuits and Piarists were important in this regard but there were contributions of other religious orders such as the Dominicans. He subsequently sponsored Maximos of Gallipoli's translation of the New Testament into the Modern Greek language and it was published in Geneva in 1638. In the first half of the 16th century, the enormous PolishLithuanian Commonwealth was a country of many religions and Churches, including: Roman Catholics, Byzantine Orthodox, Armenian Oriental Orthodox, Ashkenazi Jews, Karaites, and Sunni Muslims. In 1536, following his victory in the Count's War, he became king as Christian III and continued the Reformation of the state church with assistance from Johannes Bugenhagen. The outstanding success of the Catholic Counter Reformation movement, however, is the longevity in which Catholicism has stayed the dominant religion in the country. Proximity to neighbours who adopted Protestantism increased the likelihood of adopting Protestantism. It was made possible by a revolution against French hegemony under the regime of the regent Mary of Guise, who had governed Scotland in the name of her absent daughter Mary, Queen of Scots (then also Queen of France). This document outlined Luther's grievances with the Catholic Church, including their sale of indulgences, their corruption, and their lack of scriptural authority. ], the majority of Slovaks (~60%) were Lutherans. The Kingdom of Navarre, although by the time of the Protestant Reformation a minor principality territoriality restricted to southern France, had French Huguenot monarchs, including Henry IV of France and his mother, Jeanne III of Navarre, a devout Calvinist. Why do you think he points out Walt Whitman's poem so directly? The term includes Thomas Mntzer, Andreas Karlstadt, the Zwickau prophets, and Anabaptists like the Hutterites and Mennonites. Historians began to concentrate on the values, beliefs and behavior of the people at large. Under Edward VI the Church of England moved closer to continental Protestantism. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The desire of many people to read the Bible in the language they spoke at home rather than in Latin. Notable reformers included Dr. Juan Gil and Juan Prez de Pineda who subsequently fled and worked alongside others such as Francisco de Enzinas to translate the Greek New Testament into the Spanish language, a task completed by 1556. The Protestant Reformation was a sixteenth century religious movement that attempted to reform and diminish the powers of the Roman Catholic Church in Europe, but that later created another branch of religion, Protestantism. Molinism presented a soteriology similar to Protestants within the Roman Catholic Church. Four years later, at the Diet of Vsters, the king succeeded in forcing the diet to accept his dominion over the national church. Through German trade connections, many young Icelanders studied in Hamburg. Fahlbusch, Erwin, and Bromiley, Geoffrey William (2003). Central Europe was the site of much of the Thirty Years' War and there were continued expulsions of Protestants in Central Europe up to the 19th century. In Switzerland, the teachings of the reformers and especially those of Zwingli and Calvin had a profound effect, despite frequent quarrels between the different branches of the Reformation. The Protestant Reformation was a religious reform movement that swept through Europe in the 1500s. Reformer Adolf Clarenbach was burned at the stake near Cologne in 1529. Albert, Duke of Prussia formally declared the "Evangelical" faith to be the state religion. King Sigismund of Poland and Martin Luther: The Reformation before Confessionalization : Nowakowska, Dr Natalia: Amazon.it: Libri The adoption of Lutheranism was also one of the main reasons for the eruption of the Dacke War, a peasants uprising in Smland. Although the Reformation is usually considered to have started with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther in 1517, he was not excommunicated by Pope Leo X until January 1521. It expressed an alternate vision of Christian practice, and led to the creation and rise of Protestantism, with all its individual branches. Atrocity and outrage became the defining characteristics of the time, illustrated at their most intense in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of August 1572, when the Catholic party killed between 30,000 and 100,000 Huguenots across France. Czech reformer and university professor Jan Hus (c. 13691415) became the best-known representative of the Bohemian Reformation and one of the forerunners of the Protestant Reformation. The civil wars gained impetus with the sudden death of Henry II in 1559, which began a prolonged period of weakness for the French crown. Each state which turned Protestant had their own reformers who contributed towards the Evangelical faith. [citation needed], Hus objected to some of the practices of the Roman Catholic Church and wanted to return the church in Bohemia and Moravia to earlier practices: liturgy in the language of the people (i.e. The later Puritan movement, often referred to as dissenters and nonconformists, eventually led to the formation of various Reformed denominations. "The Reformation in the Netherlands: Some Historiographic Contributions in English. [91] The edict reversed concessions made to the Lutherans with the approval of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V three years earlier. The split between Christians in western Europe led to wars as countries struggled with new religious alliances. [51] Luther became so angry that he famously carved into the meeting table in chalk Hoc Est Corpus Meuma Biblical quotation from the Last Supper meaning "This is my body". In the late 17th century, 150,000200,000 Huguenots fled to England, the Netherlands, Prussia, Switzerland, and the English and Dutch overseas colonies. This unit introduces three religious-based reform movements: Protestantism in mainland Europe, Protestantism in England, and the Catholic Counter-Reformation, as well as the subsequent violence they caused. [citation needed], Luther and his followers did not see these theological developments as changes. Both Catholics and Orthodox Christians converts became Calvinists and the Anti-Trinitarians. As an experimental approach to reduce the caseload in Normandy, a special court just for the trial of heretics was established in 1545 in the Parlement de Rouen. Andrew P. Klager, "Ingestion and Gestation: Peacemaking, the Lord's Supper, and the Theotokos in the Mennonite-Anabaptist and Eastern Orthodox Traditions", Birgit Stolt, "Luther's Translation of the Bible. Their refusal to endorse completely all of the ritual directions and formulas of the Book of Common Prayer, and the imposition of its liturgical order by legal force and inspection, sharpened Puritanism into a definite opposition movement. Elton, Geoffrey R. and Andrew Pettegree, eds. Protestant teachings were smuggled into Spain by Spaniards such as Julin Hernndez, who in 1557 was condemned by the Inquisition and burnt at the stake. In the Ruthenian lands (predominately modern day Belarus & Ukraine) the Orthodox Church also undertook a similar strategy. The term Reformation refers to a great religious reform movement in Europe during the 16th century. This predominantly religious movement was propelled by social issues and strengthened Czech national awareness. Parallel to events in Germany, a movement began in Switzerland under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli. The Counter-Reformation, also called the Catholic Reformation or the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, beginning with the Council of Trent (1545-1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648). Different levels of income tax revenue per capita,% of labor force in manufacturing and services, and incomes of male elementary school teachers. The Roman Inquisition was a court of the Catholic Church that prosecuted crimes of heresy. [20][bettersourceneeded]. The former settled in the Vistula Delta where they used their agricultural abilities to turn parts of the delta into plodders. Common factors that played a role during the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation included the rise of the printing press, nationalism, simony, the appointment of Cardinal-nephews, and other corruption of the Roman Curia and other ecclesiastical hierarchy, the impact of humanism, the new learning of the Renaissance versus scholasticism, and the Western Schism that eroded loyalty to the Papacy. They fled first to Holland, and then later to America to establish the English colony of Massachusetts in New England, which later became one of the original United States. Instead the Catholic Church undertook a long and steady campaign of persuasion. Profound social and political changes were taking place in the West, with the awakening of . Between 1530 and 1540, Protestantism in Spain was still able to gain followers clandestinely, and in cities such as Seville and Valladolid adherents would secretly meet at private houses to pray and study the Bible. Jews and Heretics in Catholic Poland: A Beleaguered Church in the Post-Reformation Era. The oldest Protestant churches, such as the Moravian Church, date their origins to Jan Hus (John Huss) in the early 15th century. [citation needed], Refused an annulment of his marriage to Catherine, King Henry decided to remove the Church of England from the authority of Rome. These two movements quickly agreed on most issues, but some unresolved differences kept them separate. The initial movement in Germany diversified, and other reformers such as Huldrych Zwingli and John Calvin arose. Various interpretations emphasise different dates, entire periods, or argue that the Reformation never really ended. Huge amounts of church land and property passed into the hands of the Crown and ultimately into those of the nobility and gentry. Using the German vernacular they expressed the Apostles' Creed in simpler, more personal, Trinitarian language. Ultimately, since Calvin and Luther disagreed strongly on certain matters of theology (such as double-predestination and Holy Communion), the relationship between Lutherans and Calvinists was one of conflict. Harsh persecution of Protestants by the Spanish government of Philip II contributed to a desire for independence in the provinces, which led to the Eighty Years' War and, eventually, the separation of the largely Protestant Dutch Republic from the Catholic-dominated Southern Netherlands (present-day Belgium). The term Counter-Reformationdenotes the period of Catholicrevival from the pontificate of Pope Pius IVin 1560 to the close of the Thirty Years' War, 1648. The initial movement in Germany diversified, and other reformers arose independently of Luther such as Zwingli in Zrich and John Calvin in Geneva. The term Protestant, though initially purely political in nature, later acquired a broader sense, referring to a member of any Western church which subscribed to the main Protestant principles. A significant Protestant minority remained, most of it adhering to the Calvinist faith. In this act, Protestants denounced the Catholic Mass in placards that appeared across France, even reaching the royal apartments. Write the letter of the choice that gives the sentence a meaning that is closest to the original sentence. The citizens of Geneva became Protestant in the course of declaring independence from the town's lords, the local bishop and the Catholic Dukes of Savoy. Littlejohn, Bradford, and Jonathan Roberts eds. Gudziak, Borys A. The unique government (Poland was a republic where the citizen nobility owned the state) meant the king could not enforce a religious settlement even he if so desired. Catholicism remained the official state religion, and the fortunes of French Protestants gradually declined over the next century, culminating in Louis XIV's Edict of Fontainebleau (1685), which revoked the Edict of Nantes and made Catholicism the sole legal religion of France, leading some Huguenots to live as Nicodemites. As the number of Protestants in France increased, the number of heretics in prisons awaiting trial also grew. Although Zwinglianism does hold uncanny resemblance to Lutheranism (it even had its own equivalent of the Ninety-five Theses, called the 67 Conclusions), historians have been unable to prove that Zwingli had any contact with Luther's publications before 1520, and Zwingli himself maintained that he had prevented himself from reading them. The Reformation not only changed how individuals viewed religion in Europe, but also caused political upheaval. The two men could not come to any agreement due to their disputation over one key doctrine. After this first stage of the Reformation, following the excommunication of Luther in Decet Romanum Pontificem and the condemnation of his followers by the edicts of the 1521 Diet of Worms, the work and writings of John Calvin were influential in establishing a loose consensus among various churches in Switzerland, Scotland, Hungary, Germany and elsewhere. As early as 1521, the Pope had written a letter to the Spanish monarchy warning against allowing the unrest in Northern Europe to be replicated in Spain. [citation needed], Unlike similar movements for religious reform on the continent of Europe, the various phases of the English Reformation as it developed in Ireland were largely driven by changes in government policy, to which public opinion in England gradually accommodated itself. Pope Innocent X declared the treaty "null, void, invalid, iniquitous, unjust, damnable, reprobate, inane, empty of meaning and effect for all times" in his apostolic brief Zelo Domus Dei. (The Protestant Reformation is divided into magisterial Protestantism, which employed the power of magistrates, and the radical Reformation, which at first ignored and then at times sought to overthrow the existing political order.) This was a debate over the Christian religion. Yet, at a popular level, religion in England was still in a state of flux. The Peace of Augsburg was later broken by, The Counter-Reformation was a religious and political movement that. Practically every work of art depicted biblical themes. The priesthood of all believers downplayed the need for saints or priests to serve as mediators, and mandatory clerical celibacy was ended. The apostolic succession was retained in Sweden during the Reformation. [92][93][e] Protestants have developed their own culture, with major contributions in education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy and the arts and many other fields. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Although the two movements agreed on many issues of theology, as the recently introduced printing press spread ideas rapidly from place to place, some unresolved differences kept them separate. Which statement best describes the Roman Inquisition? Regions that were poor but had great economic potential and bad political institutions were more likely to adopt Protestantism. The shift toward political and religious freedom in turn, helped spawn the Reformation movement, which caused a divide within the powerful Catholic Church, leading many Europeans to turn to then . During his reign, he selected Catholics for the highest offices in the country. 16th-century schism in Western Christianity, Political situation in Germany about 1560, Religious situation in Germany and Europe about 1560, The New Testament translated by Enzinas, published in, For an example of Reformation history in the Radical Reformation Tradition, see. Translation of the Bible into German, French, English, and other languages. Regensburg Article 5 on Justification The Early Reformation in Europe Historical Dictionary of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation The Society of Jesus in Ireland, Scotland, and England 1541-1588 The Career of Cardinal Giovanni Morone (1509-1580) Believe, Obey, Fight Fruits of Migration Venice's Hidden Enemies The Road from Eden [35] The publication of Luther's Bible was a decisive moment in the spread of literacy in early modern Germany,[31] and stimulated as well the printing and distribution of religious books and pamphlets. [citation needed]. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The Deluge, a 20-year period of almost continual warfare, marked the turning point in attitudes. German princes and the Holy Roman Emperor. From there, it became clear that print could be used for propaganda in the Reformation for particular agendas, although the term propaganda derives from the Catholic Congregatio de Propaganda Fide (Congregation for Propagating the Faith) from the Counter-Reformation. [BPSC, 2007] Ans: The Reformation could be described as a religious movement that was directed against the Church of Rome. The Protestant teachings of the Western Church were also briefly adopted within the Eastern Orthodox Church through the Greek Patriarch Cyril Lucaris in 1629 with the publishing of the Confessio (Calvinistic doctrine) in Geneva. While much of his career was spent furthering the cause of church reform, he became fascinated with the subject of religious art in particular. Counter-Reformation used both coercion and institutional reform to retain its ecclesiastical control of Christendom. After establishing a colony at Plymouth (which became part of the colony of Massachusetts) in 1620, the Puritan pilgrims received a charter from the King of England that legitimised their colony, allowing them to do trade and commerce with merchants in England, in accordance with the principles of mercantilism. The Hussites were a Christian movement in the Kingdom of Bohemia following the teachings of Czech reformer Jan Hus. What can we conclude overall about the poet's feelings for her? The Counter-Reformation Movement While the Protestants largely removed public art from religion and moved towards a more "secular" style of art, embracing the concept of glorifying God through depictions of nature, the Counter-Reformation Catholic Church promoted art with "sacred" or religious content. The few preachers who did take an interest in "Lutheranism", as it was called in Italy, were suppressed or went into exile to northern countries where their message was well received. However few copies of Calvin's writings were available before mid-19th century.[68]. Income differences between Protestants and Catholics. Originally the Reformed Church in Poland included both the Calvinists and the Anti-trinitarians (also known as the Socinians and the Polish Brethren); however, they eventually split due to an inability to reconcile their divergent views on the Trinity. [citation needed], Word of the Protestant reformers reached Italy in the 1520s but never caught on. Although this is generally considered a Protestant belief, a similar formulation was taught by Molinist and Jansenist Catholics. As it was led by a Bohemian noble majority, and recognised, for some time, by the Basel Compacts, the Hussite Reformation was Europe's first "Magisterial Reformation" because the ruling magistrates supported it, unlike the "Radical Reformation", which the state did not support. [4] The end of the Reformation era is disputed among modern scholars. The Reformation impacted the Western legal tradition. In your own words, restate the advice Ronsard gives Helene in the last two lines of his poem. In which John Green teaches you about the Protestant Reformation. [11] He was accordingly characterised as the "evening star" of scholasticism and as the morning star or stella matutina of the English Reformation. The counter-reformation was introduced in Europe to weaken the Protestant Reformation and rebuild the power of the Catholic Church through education, clergy reform, and spreading of the Catholic faith. Which leader restored the Church of England? In contrast, Reformed cities typically secularised monastic property. Bohemia later also elected two Protestant kings (George of Podbrady, Frederick of Palatine). After the establishment of the Geneva academy in 1559, Geneva became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement, providing refuge for Protestant exiles from all over Europe and educating them as Calvinist missionaries. The Waldensian Church survived in the Western Alps through many persecutions and remains a Protestant church in Italy.[82]. It initiated during the period of the council of Trent and ended with European wars of Religion. The Reformation in Scotland's case culminated ecclesiastically in the establishment of a church along reformed lines, and politically in the triumph of English influence over that of France. Until the 1960s, historians focused their attention largely on the great leaders and theologians of the 16th century, especially Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli. The next sizable territories were the Landgraviate of Hesse (1526; at the Synod of Homberg) and the Electorate of Saxony (1527; Luther's homeland), Electoral Palatinate (1530s), and the Duchy of Wrttemberg (1534). A challenge to the Church in Rome. [56] In 1538, when the kingly decree of the new Church ordinance reached Iceland, bishop gmundur and his clergy denounced it, threatening excommunication for anyone subscribing to the German "heresy". The Counter-Reformation was a religious and political movement that involved the creation of new practices and policies in the Catholic Church.
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