sulla primary sources

His son, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, issued denarii bearing the name of the dictator,[151] as did a grandson, Quintus Pompeius Rufus. [25], The Jugurthine War had started in 112BC when Jugurtha, grandson of Massinissa of Numidia, claimed the entire kingdom of Numidia in defiance of Roman decrees that divided it among several members of the royal family. Keep in mind as you use this website, the Web is always changing and evolving. When the campaign in Italy started, two theatres emerged, with Sulla facing the younger Marius in the south and Metellus Pius facing Carbo in the north. Textbook passages discussing specific concepts, events, and experiments. Pompey was then dispatched to recover Sicily. Having exhausted available provisions near Athens, doing so was both necessary to ensure the survival of his army and also to relieve a brigade of six thousand men cut off in Thessaly. Beyond personal enmity, Caesar Strabo may also have stood for office because it was evident that Rome's relations with the Pontic king, Mithridates VI Eupator, were deteriorating and that the consuls of 88 would be assigned an extremely lucrative and glorious command against Pontus. His descendants among the Cornelii Sullae would hold four consulships during the imperial period: Lucius Cornelius Sulla in 5 BC, Faustus Cornelius Sulla in AD 31, Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix in AD 33, and Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix in 52 AD (he was the son of the consul of 31, and the husband of Claudia Antonia, daughter of the emperor Claudius). If the latter, he may have married into the Julii Caesares. The tools are designed to support 3 levels of critical thinking and inquiry skills (explore, analyse and critically analyse) for years 1 to 13. [109] Faced with Fimbria's army in Asia, Lucullus' fleet off the coast, and internal unrest, Mithridates eventually met with Sulla at Dardanus in autumn 85BC and accepted the terms negotiated by Archelaus. He dismissed his lictores and walked unguarded in the Forum, offering to give account of his actions to any citizen. The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. Tools for primary source analysis. [145], His public funeral in Rome (in the Forum, in the presence of the whole city) was on a scale unmatched until that of Augustus in AD 14. 133/18 Scipio praises C.Marius. [97], Early in 87BC, Sulla transited the Adriatic for Thessaly with his five legions. [105] Sulla moved to intercept Flaccus' army in Thessaly, but turned around when Pontic forces reoccupied Boetia. Primary sources are first-hand accounts of events. . Lucius Cornelius Sulla I. Introduction. Updated on October 07, 2019. The breakdown allowed Sulla to play the aggrieved party and place blame on his enemies for any further bloodshed. In art, literature, and cultural studies, primary sources . He hinted to them that Marius would find other men to fight Mithridates, forcing them to give up opportunities to plunder the East, claims which were "surely false". Historian Suetonius records that when agreeing to spare Caesar, Sulla warned those who were pleading his case that he would become a danger to them in the future, saying, "In this Caesar, there are many Mariuses. Cornelius Lucius Sulla; Lucius Cornelius Cinna (elder) Marcus Licinius Crassus; Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) Julius Caesar; Marcus . [89] After Octavius induced the senate to outlaw Cinna, Cinna suborned the army besieging Nola and induced the Italians again to rise up. Late in the year, Sulla cooperated with Marius (who was a legate in the northern theatre) in the northern part of southern Italy to defeat the Marsi: Marius defeated the Marsi, sending them headlong into Sulla's waiting forces. [70][71] They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. His execution in AD 62 on the orders of emperor Nero made him the last of the Cornelii Sullae. [81] He sent his army back to Capua[82] and then conducted the elections for that year, which yielded a resounding rejection of him and his allies. In 46 BC Julius Caesar appointed him governor of the province of Africa. Although he was able to regain the command, his political setup in Rome collapsed almost as soon as he left Italy, and the war would . [131] The purge went on for several months. National Archives Catalog Find online primary source materials for classroom & student projects from the National Archive's online catalog (OPA). [59], In the first year of fighting, Roman strategy was largely one of containment, attempting to stop the revolting allies from spreading their rebellion into Roman-controlled territory. He attempted to mitigate this by passing laws to limit the actions of generals in their provinces, and although these laws remained in effect well into the imperial period, they did not prevent determined generals, such as Pompey and Julius Caesar, from using their armies for personal ambition against the Senate, a danger of which Sulla was intimately aware. He then attacked the Samnites and routed one of their armies near Aesernia before capturing the new Italian capital at Bovianum Undecimanorum. This prophecy was to have a powerful hold on Sulla throughout his lifetime. [72] Sulpicius' attempts to push through the Italian legislation again brought him into violent urban conflict, although he "offered nothing to the urban plebs so it continued to resist him". The Steamboat Adventure. When he was still a proconsul in 82, he planned and executed the proscriptions against his enemies for revenge, especially from the Marian camp, and against rich Romans because he needed money to pay his veterans . Also, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, Nero's cousin, was exiled as a potential rival in 58. Lucius other name: Sulla Details individual; military/naval; official; Roman; Male. Sulla's law waived the sponsio, allowing such cases to be heard without it. Wikipedia entry + Cornelius , Epaphroditus , Sylla 138/31 The birth of L.Sulla. Thus, Sulla was presented with a choice. [74], During the violence, Sulla was forced to shelter in Marius' nearby house (later denied in his memoirs). However, despite this portrayal, particularly from Plutarch's accounts, it is difficult to determine just how culpable Marius and Sulla were for the chaos that engulfed the Roman Republic Campaigning on his military record, the people were unwilling to hear tales of military bravado from a mere junior officer after two triumphs. [17] After his father's death, around the time Sulla reached adulthood, Sulla found himself impoverished. [40] His prospects for advancement under Marius stalled, however, Sulla started to complain "most unfairly" that Marius was withholding opportunities from him. Sulla's career is recounted in detail in Howard Hayes Scullard, From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. Gaius Marius, a lieutenant of Metellus, returned to Rome to stand for the consulship in 107BC. They are now largely lost, although fragments from them exist as quotations in later writers. The type of source you look for will depend on the stage you are at in the writing process. Church and W. J. Brodribb. 9, The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146-43 BC. In . Sulla, in southern Italy, operated largely defensively on Lucius Julius Caesar's flank while the consul conducted offensive campaigning. "[132] The majority of the proscribed had not been enemies of Sulla, but instead were killed for their property, which was confiscated and auctioned off. [141][140][142][143][144] Accounts were also written that he had an infestation of worms, caused by the ulcers, which led to his death. [43] Refusing to stand for an aedileship (which, due to its involvement in hosting public games, was extremely expensive), Sulla became a candidate for the praetorship in 99BC. sulla primary sources. Learning in Black and White. Modern sources have been somewhat less damning, as the Mithridatic campaigns later showed that no quick victory over Pontus was possible as long as Mithridates survived. Archelaus tried to break out but were unsuccessful; Sulla then annihilated the Pontic army and captured its camp. Encyclopaedia Romana - Has essays on several aspects of ancient Rome. [128], After the battle at the Colline Gate, Sulla summoned the Senate to the temple of Bellona at the Campus Martius. Se l'azienda ha pi di 200 dipendenti, deve essere presente anche il rappresentante sindacale aziendale (RSA). Sulla was a man to whom, up to victory, sufficient praise can hardly be given, and for whom, after victory, no criticism can be adequate. Threatened by the Pontic navy, Sulla sent his quaestor Lucullus to scrounge about for allied naval forces. The veto power of the tribunes and their legislating authority were soon reinstated, ironically during the consulships of Pompey and Crassus.[150]. This unusual appointment (used hitherto only in times of extreme danger to the city, such as during the Second Punic War, and then only for 6-month periods) represented an exception to Rome's policy of not giving total power to a single individual. [59] Sulla attempted also to assist Lucius' relief of the city of Aesernia, which was under siege, but both men were unsuccessful. Revised on November 11, 2022. Primary sources are contrasted with secondary sources, works that provide analysis, commentary, or criticism on the primary source. Family members of the proscribed were not excluded from punishment, and slaves were not excluded from rewards. At the start of his second consulship in 80BC with Metellus Pius, Sulla resigned his dictatorship. Primary sources are often in manuscript collections and archival records. Catulus, with Sulla, moved to block their advance; the two men likely cooperated well. [112] However, this and Sulla's delay in Asia are "not enough to absolve him of the charge of being more concerned with revenge on opponents in Italy than with Mithridates". However, this material may be located in a number of places including in the library, elsewhere on campus, or even online. [100] In need of resources, Sulla sacked the temples of Epidaurus, Delphi, and Olympia; after a battle with the Pontic general Archelaus outside Piraeus, Sulla's forces forced the Pontic garrison to withdraw by sea. [99], Discovering a weak point in the walls and popular discontent with the Athenian tyrant Aristion, Sulla stormed and captured Athens (except the Acropolis) on 1 March 86BC. Website. The Internet Modern History Sourcebook is one of series of history primary sourcebooks. Click the title for location and availability information. Some of these historians lived at the time of the events, and therefore, may actually be primary sources, but others, especially Plutarch (CE 45-125), who covers men from multiple eras, lived later than the events they describe. Sulla rose to prominence during the war against the Numidian king Jugurtha, whom he captured as a result of Jugurtha's betrayal by the king's allies, although his superior Gaius Marius took credit for ending the war. He could acknowledge the law as valid. [6] Keaveney places his departure to 93. Marius and Sulla are very curious figures in the late Roman Republic. Sulla was the first Roman magistrate to meet a Parthian ambassador. There is no single tool that will find everything at UCR, but a good start is to reach . This may have been related to Sulla's campaign for the consulship. A primary source is an original object or document -- the raw material or first-hand information. [79], Sulla then had Sulpicius' legislation invalidated on the grounds that they had been passed by force. After another attempt to relieve Praeneste failed, Carbo lost his nerve and attempted to retreat to Africa; his lieutenants attempted again to relieve Praeneste but after that again failed, marched on Rome to force Sulla from his well-defended positions. They are often based on primary sources. He used his powers to purge his opponents, and reform Roman constitutional laws, to restore the primacy of the Senate and limit the power of the tribunes of the plebs. Newspaper reports, by reporters who witnessed an event or who quote people who did. Published by at 29, 2022. Lucius Cornelius Sulla (l. 138 - 78 BCE) enacted his constitutional reforms (81 BCE) as dictator to strengthen the Roman Senate's power. [17], One story, "as false as it is charming", relates that when Sulla was a baby, his nurse was carrying him around the streets, until a strange woman walked up to her and said, "Puer tibi et reipublicae tuae felix", which can be translated as, "The boy will be a source of luck to you and your state". Sulla's body was cremated and his ashes placed in his tomb in the Campus Martius. [34] The publicity attracted by this feat boosted Sulla's political career. [113] The extra time spent in Asia, moreover, equipped him with forces and money later put to good use in Italy. Primary source is a term used in a number of disciplines to describe source material that is closest to the person, information, period, or idea being studied. [85], After the elections, Sulla forced the consuls designate to swear to uphold his laws. primary name: Sulla, Lucius Cornelius other name: Cornelius L f P n Sulla Felix . [75], Speaking to the men, Sulla complained to them of the outrageous behaviour of Marius and Sulpicius. Normally, candidates had to have first served for ten years in the military, but by Sulla's time, this had been superseded by an age requirement. He defeated Norbanus at the Battle of Mount Tifata, forcing the consul to withdraw. Sulla played an important role in the long political struggle between the optimates and populares factions at Rome. [137][15] In a manner that the historian Suetonius thought arrogant, Julius Caesar later mocked Sulla for resigning the dictatorship. He also divorced his then-wife Cloelia and married Metella, widow of the recently-deceased Marcus Aemilius Scaurus. It was not until he was in his very late forties and almost past the age . [125], Carbo, who had suffered defeats by Metellus Pius and Pompey, attempted to redeploy so to relieve his co-consul Marius at Praeneste. Student Engagement: Primary source materials "help spark students . Here are the names and relevant periods for some of the main ancient Latin and Greek sources for Roman history. Works of art, in general, are considered primary sources. The Battle of Chaeronea was fought in early summer around the same time the Athenian acropolis was taken. The Roman military and political leader Sulla "Felix" (138-78 B.C.E.) A primary source is a first-hand or contemporary account of an event or topic. the execution of Granius, shortly before his own death). He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force. [40], In 102BC, the invaders returned and moved to force the Alps. 101 BC: Took part in the defeat of the Cimbri at the, 90-89 BC: Senior officer in the Social War, as, Holds the consulship for the first time, with, 87 BC: Commands Roman armies to fight King, 85 BC: Liberates the provinces of Macedonia, Asia, and Cilicia from Pontic occupation, 83 BC: Returns to Italy and undertakes civil war against the factional Marian government, 83-82 BC: Enters war with the followers of Gaius Marius the Younger and Cinna, 82 BC: Obtains victory at the battle of the Colline Gate, 80 BC: Holds the consulship for the second time. The allies in central and southern Italy had fought side by side with Rome in several wars and had grown restive under Roman autocratic rule, wanting instead Roman citizenship and the privileges it conferred. The bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form during the Black Death, with a mortality rate of 30-75% and symptoms including fever of 38 - 41 C (101-105 F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. By the end of the war, the SSA had conscripted over 2.8 million American men. Ozzy Osbourne Grandchildren, Dalton Smith Pogo Stick, Best Basketball Camps In Ontario, Rinnai R53i Parts Diagram, Mennonite Vs Amish Vs Mormon, [31] Ultimately, the Numidians were defeated in 106BC, due in large part to Sulla's initiative in capturing the Numidian king. A list of useful online sources for reading about Rome at the time of Sulla Bill Thayer's LacusCurtius - Includes maps of the Roman world, texts of several primary sources, and William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. [104], After the Battle of Chaeronea, Sulla learnt that Cinna's government had sent Lucius Valerius Flaccus to take over his command. In 109, Rome sent Quintus Caecilius Metellus to continue the war. With Mithridates' armies in Europe almost entirely destroyed, Archelaus and Sulla negotiated a set of relatively cordial peace terms which were then forwarded to Mithridates. [117] Sulla attempted to open negotiations with Norbanus, who was at Capua, but Norbanus refused to treat and withdrew to Praeneste as Sulla advanced. [138], As promised, when his tasks were complete, Sulla returned his powers and withdrew to his country villa near Puteoli to be with his family. Sulla was born in a very turbulent era of Rome's history, which has often been described as the beginning of the fall of the Roman Republic.The political climate was marked by civil discord and rampant political violence where voting in the Assembly was . This led him to a secret deal with Marius, who had for years been coveting another military command, in which Marius would support Sulpicius' Italian legislation in exchange for a law transferring Sulla's command to Marius. [115] Sulla, buoyed by his previous looting in Asia, was able to advance quickly and largely without the ransacking of the Italian countryside. The personal motto was "no better friend, no worse enemy.". The second was Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who died young. He then reinforced this decision by legislation, retroactively justifying his illegal march on the city and stripping the twelve outlaws of their Roman citizenship. Historians and other scholars classify sources as primary or secondary. Secondary sources, on the other hand, are made . He then revived the office of dictator, which had been inactive since the Second Punic War, over a century before. to A.D. 68 (1959; 2d ed. [23] The means by which Sulla attained the fortune which later would enable him to ascend the ladder of Roman politics are not clear; Plutarch refers to two inheritances, one from his stepmother (who loved him dearly) and the other from his mistress Nicopolis. While Sulla was moving in the south, Scipio fought Pompey in Picenum but was defeated when his troops again deserted. There, while giving a speech, he had three or four thousand Samnite prisoners butchered, to the shock of the attending senators. Of those who contracted the bubonic plague, 4 out of 5 died within eight days. The populares nonetheless seized power once he left with his army to Asia. [107], Mithridates, still in Asia, was faced with local uprisings against his rule. He had one child from this union, before his first wife's death. Sarah Cooper teaches 8th grade U.S. history and is assistant head for academic life at Flintridge Preparatory School in La Canada, Calif. Sarah is the . [35], In 104BC, the Cimbri and the Teutones, two Germanic tribes who had bested the Roman legions on several occasions, seemed to again be heading for Italy. Plutarch of Chaeronea in Boeotia (ca. Primary sources are the evidence of history, original records or objects created by participants or observers at the time historical . [33] Winning Bocchus' friendship and making plain Rome's demands for Jugurtha's deliverance, Sulla successfully concluded negotiations and secured Bocchus' capture of Jugurtha and the king's rendition to Marius' camp. Primary research gives you direct access to the subject of your research. Negotiations broke down after one of Scipio's lieutenants seized a town held by Sulla in violation of a ceasefire. The Mithridatic War (88 - 85 BC) Primary sources in history are often created by people who witnessed, participated in, or were otherwise close to a particular event. [114], The general feeling in Italy, however, was decidedly anti-Sullan; many people feared Sulla's wrath and still held memories of his extremely unpopular occupation of Rome during his consulship. [76] The troops were willing to follow Sulla to Rome; his officers, however, realised Sulla's plans and deserted him (except his quaestor and kinsman, almost certainly Lucius Licinius Lucullus). [64], Political developments in Rome also started to bring an end to the war. Eyeglasses from Colonial America would be a primary source about Early American History. [61] Pompeii was taken some time during the year, along with Stabiae and Aeclanum; with the capture of Aeclanum, Sulla forced the Hirpini to surrender. "[156], He was said to have a duality between being charming, easily approachable, and able to joke and cavort with the most simple of people, while also assuming a stern demeanor when he was leading armies and as dictator. Gaius Sallustius Crispus (Sallust) was born Amiternum in the country of the Sabines in 86 BC. [81.3] Magnesia, the only city in Asia that remained loyal, was defended against Mithridates with the greatest courage. "[157] This duality, or inconsistency, made him very unpredictable and "at the slightest pretext, he might have a man crucified, but, on another occasion, would make light of the most appalling crimes; or he might happily forgive the most unpardonable offenses, and then punish trivial, insignificant misdemeanors with death and confiscation of property. Source: Ammianus Marcellinus, History, XIV.16: "The Luxury of the Rich in Rome," c. 400 A.D. There, Sulla attacked him in an indecisive battle. Social: Facebook Page YouTube Page Instagram Page. Secondary sources are a step removed from primary sources. With the capture and execution of Carbo, who had fled Sicily for Egypt, both consuls for 82BC were now dead. [101], Sulla decamped his army from Attica toward central Greece. [22] His first wife was called either Ilia or Julia. Resigning his dictatorship in 79 BC, Sulla retired to private life and died the following year. Due to his meeting the minimum age requirement of thirty, he stood for the quaestorship in 108BC. senators and equites) executed, although as many as 9,000 people were estimated to have been killed. Examples include interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. He might have been disinherited, though it was "more likely" that his father simply had nothing to bequeath. Sulla, hearing this, feigned an attack while instructing his men to fraternise with Scipio's army. You can limit HOLLIS searches to your time period, but sources may be published later, such as a person's diary published posthumously. The dictator is the subject of four Italian operas, two of which take considerable liberties with history: Sulla is a central character in the first three, Lucius Cornelius Sulla is also a character in the first book of the, His first wife was Ilia, according to Plutarch. A gifted and innovative general, he achieved numerous successes in wars against foreign and domestic opponents. [52] He may have stayed in the east until 92BC, when he returned to Rome. [98] He separately besieged Athens and Piraeus (the Long Walls had since been demolished). 213/23 P.Cornelius Sulla is chosen to be Flamen Dialis. Marius, elected again to the consulship of 101, came to Catulus' aid; Sulla, in charge of supporting army provisioning, did so competently and was able to feed both armies. Sulla then settled affairs "reparations, rewards, administrative and financial arrangements for the future" in Asia, staying there until 84BC. [32] After the Senate approved negotiations with Bocchus, it delegated the talks to Marius, who appointed Sulla as envoy plenipotentiary. The Senate immediately sent an embassy demanding an explanation for his seeming march on the fatherland, to which Sulla responded boldly, saying that he was freeing it from tyrants. He was a leader of the optimates, which sought to maintain senatorial supremacy against the populist reforms advocated by the populares, headed by Marius. In fact, many sources can be either primary or secondary depending on the context of the research and of the source itself. Cinna violently quarrelled with his co-consul, Gnaeus Octavius. His troops were sufficiently impressed by his leadership that they hailed him imperator. [90] By the end of 87BC, Cinna and Marius had besieged Rome and taken the city, killed consul Gnaeus Octavius, massacred their political enemies, and declared Sulla an outlaw; they then had themselves elected consuls for 86BC. Sulla raised important cavalry forces for Marius and was responsible for the . For instance, Da Vinci's Mona Lisa is a primary source because it is the most famous art piece during the Renaissance period. The later battle, at Orchomenus, was fought in high summer but before the start of the autumn rains. The Senate moved the senatus consultum ultimum against him and was successful in levying large amount of men and materiel from the Italians. The faculty and students of the Hanover College History Department initiated the Hanover Historical Texts Project in 1995, at a time when few primary sources were available outside of published anthologies. be determined. He brought Pompeii under siege. [146] An epitaph, which Sulla composed himself, was inscribed onto the tomb, reading, "No friend ever served me, and no enemy ever wronged me, whom I have not repaid in full. For now, Cinna and the Marian political faction would have to wait, but revenge would prove far deadlier than anything that had come before it. J. 106/10 The quaestor L.Sulla arrives at Marius' camp with reinforcements from An example of the extent of his charming side was that his soldiers would sing a ditty about Sulla's one testicle, although without truth, to which he allowed as being "fond of a jest. [53], Relations between Rome and its allies (the socii), had deteriorated over the years up to 91BC. [67], Sulla's election to the consulship, successful likely due to his military success in 89BC, was not uncontested. Ideally, each ensemble is diverse, both in cultural background and practical experience. [30] Sulla was popular with the men, charming and benign, he built up a healthy rapport while also winning popularity with other officers, including Marius. [42], Victorious, Marius and Catulus were both granted triumphs as the commanding generals. In a typical year, the Graduate Acting Department will personally audition more than 800 students in order to select an ensemble of 16 actors. Faced with mobilizing a sufficient fighting force, Congress passed the Selective Service Act on May 18, 1917. Marius, offering his services to Cinna, helped levy troops. His rival, Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, described Sulla as having the cunning of a fox and the courage of a lion but that it was his cunning that was by far the most dangerous. [citation needed], Sulla became embroiled in a political fight against one of the plebeian tribunes, Publius Sulpicius Rufus, on the matter of how the new Italian citizens were to be distributed into the Roman tribes for purposes of voting. For example: scholarly or popular books and articles, reference books, biographies, or textbooks. The next year, 96BC, he assigned "probably pro consule as was customary" to Cilicia in Asia Minor. [111], The peace reached with Mithridates was condemned in ancient times as a betrayal of Roman interests for Sulla's private interest in fighting and winning the coming civil war. The Roman general and dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 B.C.) He can hardly have been in any doubt. The ancient biography of Sulla written by Plutarch is useful. [124] The purge did little to strengthen resolve and when Sulla arrived at Rome, the city opened its gates and his opponents fled. Even though the prosecutor declined to show up on the day of the trial, leading to Sulla's victory by default, Sulla's ambitions were frustrated. Later political leaders such as Julius Caesar would follow his precedent in attaining political power through force.

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